outcome of a principal contractor making use of sub-contractors who, in turn, can engage other sub-contractors resulting in a complex hierarchy of companies and responsibilities

Financial tool which allows a decision-maker to consider a number of complicated environmental, social and economic factors to permit a cost optimum choice to be made

The management of large groups of persons during work activity

trying to find a way of completing a task, a solution to a problem, etc. by asking a wide range of people or organisations if they can help, typically by using the Internet

outsourcing tasks to a large pool of workers, through online platforms