A thorough investigation of accidents at TVH - Group & Thermote Vanhalst, revealed that more than half of the accidents or injuries were related to the back, neck and/or shoulders. These injuries were mainly due to the way loads were transported and handled. Lifting was done in an ergonomically in appropriate manner. The policy statement of TVH states: "A healthy employee is a good worker." With this in mind TVH wanted a situation in which all employees work in a safe and healthy way.

ARTEX is a small sewing plant with 14 female employees working five-day single shifts. Repetitive tasks, performed seated, increase the risk of MSDs. In addition to legally-required medical checks, assessment of individual workstations led to improvements in work organisation, layout and equipment, reducing repetitive strain. External consultants advised on lighting and machinery changes to minimise eyestrain, and exposure to noise and vibration.

The level of vibration generated by a pneumatic screwdriver depends on the power of the internal motor and on the clutch type. Traditional screwdrivers, using a mechanical slip clutch, produce high levels of vibration. Modern clutches that automatically and immediately stop the feeding air when the preset torque is reached, create four times less exposure. The aim was to decrease exposure below action values of Directive 2002/44/EC, by substitution of the pneumatic screwdrivers that produce higher levels of vibrations

This web summary provides information about the factors contributing to MSDs, among others: use of force, repetitive work, work in awkward postures, vibration, work in cold environments, prolonged sitting or standing, levels of stress, autonomy and support from colleagues, individuals' prior medical history, etc. These factors may act uniquely or in combination.

The available data for the education sector reveals very low rates of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Education workers have low exposure to repetitive hand and arm movements, and very few are at risk from carrying heavy loads. Typically, the tasks performed by employees, the majority of whom are teachers, are neither repetitive nor static. Employees can freely change their posture and generally carry light loads.

This web summary provides information on hazards and risks in the sector, assessment of MSD risks and preventive measures including examples of solutions to common musculoskeletal problems. The service and retail sectors offer a wide range of jobs including in shops, restaurants, offices, distribution and entertainment. Many are physically demanding, and workers in these sectors are particularly at risk from back and upper limb disorders.

This web summary provides specific guidance on use of office equipment, providing a safe working environment, and workstation practices, including a detailed VDU checklist

This web summary provides information on hazards linked to manual handling, their risk assessment and preventive measures, including correct manual handling of loads techniques. It also gives information on legislation relevant to manual handling.